Collection Timeline

1956 to 2006

1956
What size farm is necessary to provide an income of $2500 for a family on cutover land in north central Idaho: What size farm is necessary to earn a 5% return on the investment in land, equipment, and stock in addition to a $2500 family income? How much does minimum farm size increase when there are farm debts to pay each year? How much larger must the minimum farm be for a tenant as compared to a farm owner? Does minimum farm size change with different enterprises?

1961
In view of the growing economic importance of water it is appropriate that studies be made of the economic problems which arise.

1970
In commodity marketing, to 'hedge' is to minimize financial loss from an adverse change in commodity prices.
I would like to broaden this discussion to include both the 'Funds Flow Statement' and the Cash Flow Statement. The reasoning behind this expansion is to include both the long and short time span in discussion of accounting tools in financial planning.
In summing up the definitions, management can be defined for our purposes as the acts or art in the use of techniques to accomplish the goals of a particular business.

1972
The material I am presenting is based on the latest weekly crop and weather reports available from the United States Department of Commerce and U.S.D.A. and from individual state crop and livestock reporting services.
What is a market? What are the necessary functions of a market? How can these functions be most efficiently performed? What conditions are required for efficiently performing these necessary functions? These are the pertinent questions to be answered in planning and developing a marketing system.

1973
This report focuses on the dependence of agriculture in the Northwest (the states of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington) upon energy use.
I came to this meeting with a prepared paper. You'll find it out in the hall to be picked-up. Read it on the plane home or tomorrow evening when you have your feet up by the fire.. Since you can all read I'm going to talk about something else that has been brought out in this very symposium.

1974
In agriculture, transportation is as important as the planting of the crop. Most agricultural crops require processing before they reach the ultimate consumer. In some cases an agricultural commodity may be transported by many different modes of transportation before it reaches the final consumer.
The first half of 1974 provided little basis for optimism about the outlook for the remainder of this year or for most of 1975.
The results presented in this report are part of a detailed study of Idaho's agriculturally-based economy.
By reviewing these cost estimates and considering the basic differences in the telephone auction, a reasonable and fair range of cost estimates can be derived for selling lambs by the telephone auction method.
The purpose of this study is to develop and utilize a pilot exemplary model to simulate and evaluate the results of potential rural development policies.
Certainly a large and growing energy input is necessary to sustain agriculture as we know it today. There is, however, greater chance of disagreement over whether agriculture as we know it today will survive, and with what constitutes 'acceptable' prices for necessities such as food and fiber.

1975
My topic for today is 'Management Implications for Individual Idaho Wheat Growers'. Dr. Schermerhorn has discussed the future environment that is likely to be faced by Idaho producers and in so doing, has discussed the broader industry-wide implications of various trends which we are now observing in agriculture.
This report results from a joint project of the Agricultural Experiment Station with the Water Resources Research Institute at the University of Idaho and the Idaho Water Resources Board, Boise. The joint study dealt with the multipurpose development of water resources in Southern Idaho.
One of the latest successful developments in the selling of lambs in the Pacific Northwest is a telephone auction. The PNW Livestock Producers Marketing Cooperative, operating in Idaho and Oregon, was established in May, 1974.
U.S. milk production for the January-September period in 1975 was 88,177 million pounds, down 0.4 percent from the Same period in 1974 and 0.7 percent below 1973.

1976
Many Idaho potato producers are finding it increasingly difficult to obtain a satisfactory return from the production and sale of their potatoes.
Enterprise analysis involves the examination of the total costs and returns items associated with each basic type of livestock or crop grown.
This report on the state of Idaho is one of a series to be produced by the western state Experiment stations in conjunction with regional project W-118, Economic and Social Significance of Human Migration in the Western Region. The series compares residents and migrants in the employed work force for each of the western region states.
Income tax liability is as much a cost of operating a farm or ranch as is the cost of seed, fertilizer, labor and borrowed money.
Effective and efficient farm management decision making requires extensive information concerning past costs, returns, production levels, the usage of inputs, the present financial and physical condition of the operator and anticipated future costs, returns and production. This information can be best acquired from an individual's own farm records.
It is the preparation of a comprehensive plan designed to create the desired economic and legal consequences in the disposition of your estate.
Prospects point to an improved general economic climate although fears of renewed inflation have been rekindled because of recent price increases and a threat of higher energy prices by the year end.
We all read the headlines 'Idaho population to double.' A study group of respected Idaho scientists determined that Idaho is one of the fastest growing states in the nation and our population 'may well reach 1.5 million people by the year 2000.
This study examined the costs involved in making water available for use in Idaho. The difference between the quantity of water available and a supply of water requires that costs be incurred.
Several innovative approaches to livestock marketing have been introduced in the Pacific Northwest in the past several years. All are based on the concept of increased buyer competition for the particular livestock being offered for sale.
Farmers and ranchers are faced with increasingly difficult decisions concerning the organization of their farms and ranches to best accomplish their operational and inheritance goals. They seek to minimize annual income tax liability, provide for growth of the farming operation, ease the problems of transfer to heirs and minimize estate tax liability.
This presentation is assigned to two topics which I have been requested to comment upon. The first is to review what data is available documenting the extent and pattern of exports from the Pacific Northwest region. The second subject is to report upon a study soon to be initiated in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Idaho.
Today I will discuss systematic methods for evaluating several of these alternatives and provide a usable format for you to use in evaluating the ' profitability of various changes in your beef operations.
The purpose of this meeting is to explore the economic feasibility of expanding swine production in Northern Idaho.
Estate taxes,which became a permanent part of the federal revenue system in 1916, were introduced by Congress to generate and regulate the direction of society.
The Internal Revenue Service allows losses resulting from physical damage to property to be itemized and deducted as casualty losses - subject to a number of rules limiting its application.
This paper will be concerned with international trade and transportation from the standpoint of surveying how their relationship has been viewed by economists in the past, what are some of the important developments today in the international transportation arena, and what are some of the approaches applicable to future research efforts in the area of international trade and transportation.
Many Idaho farmers are finding it increasingly difficult to obtain a satisfactory return from the production and sale of their crop and livestock products.
This paper will first examine some of the legal and financial problems confronting farmers and ranchers and then set forth the way in which a corporation can be used to accomplish those goals and help solve those problems.

1977
Break-Even Analysis Cost of Operating A 12-Foot Swather vs. Custom Hire
Several factors should be carefully considered in making your decision on participation in the voluntary set-aside program provided under the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977.
The purpose of today's program is to look at and evaluate opportunities for increasing after tax net income through effective year-end tax planning.
Today we are going to discuss opportunities for enhancing and making the people aspects of the farm business more efficient.
I have chosen to address the question of buyer concentration at three levels: (1) the buyers of cattle destined for grain finishing; (2) the slaughterers; and (3) the retail sector. The degree of concentration varies from level to level.
Since the arrival of agriculture in the Northwest a century ago, water use questions have stirred up passionate argument.
Budgeting is the paper-and-pencil testing of business adjustments prior to putting them into actual operation. Essentially budgeting consists of projecting the costs and returns associated with a particular adjustment into the future and calculating and probable effect on net earnings of individual farms.
In this game you are the manager of a cooperative grain elevator which is doing almost $3 million in sales.

1978
A mail-in computerized analysis was used by farmers and others to evaluate the potential .additional returns (or losses) to be obtained by participating in the 1978 Wheat - Feed Program.
This study estimated the unit cost of operating dryland farm machinery in Latah, Power, and Bannock Counties of Idaho.
The purpose of this bulletin is to discuss the results of research to develop an analytic method for estimating on farm economic parameter variation associated with increased erosion control effectiveness in the Palouse area.
This study represents a portion of a project investigating the role of the Columbia and Snake Rivers in the export distribution system for Pacific Northwest agricultural products. The specific objective is to estimate the portion of PNW Kentucky bluegrass seed exports which could take advantage of container on barge shipment via the river system,using linear programming techniques.
Today we want to examine several styles or types of leadership and discuss the impact that each may have upon the effective functioning of our advisory committees and our relationships with other client groups and extension education colleagues.
A methodology was developed to measure impacts of rising electricity prices on high lift irrigation development. Effects of farm size, crop prices, yields, lift heights, and distance from water source were also incorporated. Results indicate that rising electricity prices will make development infeasible in high elevation areas of southern Idaho.
Agriculture was singled out for considerable special attention in the Tax Reform Act of 1976.
This study attempts to estimate the costs and returns of a typical 200 head cow-calf operation located in the Upper Salmon River Valley.
Dietary Goals for the United States, a report of the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Need, U.S. Senate, has been the basis for much discussion and speculation of the effect on the American consumer. Relatively little has been said about the effect on U.S. Agriculture and the American farmer. My responsibility is to explore the implications of guidelines on Farm Policy and the potential impact of the guidelines on farmer producers and agri-businesses. My assignment was even more specific than that, being narrowed to grains, beans, peas and lentils. However, grains include feed grains so I will look at livestock production as affected by the guidelines.
I have been asked to discuss the phenomenon of people moving back to small parcels of marginal land and to explore some of the potential uses for such lands.
The Pacific Northwest has built its history on successful exploitation of its water resources -- to provide cheap water for irrigation, and cheap electricity to power its irrigation pumps, factories, and homes.
The following remarks will attempt to explore some of the interrelationships between outlook information and its usage in extension education programs.
The most complex management problem you ever have may be getting your colleagues and family members to care in the right proportions about the right things.
The Pacific Northwest has built its history on successful exploitation of its water resources -- to provide cheap water for irrigation, and cheap electricity to power its irrigation pumps, factories, and homes.

1979
This report presents the results of a survey conducted to identify marketing patterns for wheat and barley handled by firms within Idaho.
Cattle numbers and cattle prices tend to vary widely over time.
Some dramatic events have occurred in the livestock and meat industries since the fall of 1977. Some of these were anticipated last year but many were not. Beef production has declined about as expected, but pork production failed to increase as anticipated.
This workbook outlines a means of estimating revenues to public and private sectors and expenditures needed for the public sector as a result of new residential construction in the community or county.
This paper contends that such a formulation is illogical since the two events are mutually exclusive or unrelated.
Based on the population information made available, the following is an estimate of the potential physicians, nurse practitioners and hospital beds that Fremont County Idaho could support on a fee for service basis.

1980
This study had two objectives: 1) to identify transportation modes and analyze the economics of transportation of bagged farm exports, and 2) to present a comparative analysis of port charges for different modal interfaces at river and seaports.
The problem of the level of price and income in agriculture is deep rooted. It is in part a result of excess production capacity, variability in weather conditions, and the fact that resources do not move out of agricultural production rapidly in response to price changes.
Anyone who owns a business can benefit from income tax management. Recently, inflation, high capital requirements, wide product price fluctuations, fluctuating yields, and rising supply costs make income tax management increasingly important.
The Idaho Pork Producers Assn. (IPPA) through its Board of Directors, on June 19, 1980 agreed that a survey of Idaho swine producers should be conducted.

1981
The valuation of assets is one of the hardest parts of preparing a balance sheet.
The research problem dealt with in this paper is to measure the secondary or induced economic impacts that have resulted from the development of the Boise Project over time.
A marketing alternative is defined as a procedure, mechanism, or system through which producers may sell or influence the terms of trade of his product. Marketing alternatives are not mutually exclusive and several may be operational for any commodity at any time.
Regional economic theory gives small towns the role of catering to the most immediate needs of residents in the rural hinterland. This is especially important in Australia because of the immense distances between rural settlements and the extreme skewedness of the city size distribution.
My assignment is to stimulate your thinking ,about this agriculturalist of the future, the environment in which he will make decisions, and cause you to plan your operations accordingly.
Clearly agriculture is both an important cornerstone of the Pacific Northwest economy, and an important regional electricity consumer. In this paper I will sketch out both some economic, and some more nearly political issues which relate to the future growth rate for this important sector.
Trade problems, organization and policies as practiced by the centrally planned economies of Eastern Europe have attracted considerable attention hy Western economists.
The Boise Project of Southwestern Idaho was built by the Bureau of Reclamation during the period from 1910 to 1956, at which time the irrigated acreage increased from 51,377 to 340,613 acres. This first report of the economic subproject brings together the relevant direct cost and return (benefit) information from the project.
The purpose of this study is to develop an economic input-output model of Benewah County in order to help evaluate the effects of exogenous economic changes on the local economy.

1982
I am going to be critical of enterprise costs budgets and I hope I don't offend anyone. We like to tell farmers and ranchers that they need to calculate their costs of production but haven't done a very good job of telling them how to do it. If they don't know how to do it they won't do it.
The 1977 drought in Idaho was preceded by climatic changes that were unique in terms of their severity and scope.
I am going to discuss what is probably the most important financial statement in agriculture in particular and business in general. It is called the balance sheet. The concept of it is simple: it subtracts what you owe from what you own. The difference is called the net worth.
This report presents a case study of the Mountain View East Apartments in Heyburn, Idaho. The case study is specifically designed to identify the fiscal impacts of the Mountain View East Apartments on the city of Heyburn.
This paper reports the results of a study of the fiscal impacts (costs versus revenues) of development projects on municipal governments in Idaho communities of less than 10,000 population.
Interest in drought impacts and strategies to minimize these impacts follow a cycle that matches the occurrence of drought. The more severe and widespread the drought, the greater the interest.
Impacts of expanded irrigation in Idaho are estimated using marginal input-output. This allows input use for output increases to differ from the average input mix of existing sectors and allows new firms to use different technologies from existing firms. This captures effects of expanding energy intensive irrigation on limited hydropower supplies.

1983
I am talking today about something that many of you think of as drudgery: paperwork. I wish that I had a more interesting topic like how to save a calf. Ranch paperwork, however, is very important to you as businessmen. Farm and ranch business records fall into two categories: financial and physical. I will talk only about financial records.
My talk is about how this new electronic technology can be used on farms and ranches.
My talk concerns the business aspect of growing seed potatoes. The topic is one that nearly everyone in the potato industry is concerned about: getting paid.
This report shows the average real estate tax burden placed on Idaho farmers and how it has changed over the last twenty-four years.

1984
During May and June 1984, a sample of 1500 Idaho farmers/ranchers were mailed a questionnaire to find out their views on key agricultural and food policy issues that will be discussed and debated when Congress writes a new Agricultural and Food Act in 1985. This publication summarizes all the responses and divides them among farmers with different types of farming operations.
The objective was to determine least-cost allocation of fed-beef by regions and export sites, with expanded volumes available for export based on the ability of the industry to supply a larger market.
Grain transportation is a vital link in the marketing chain between Northwest grain growers and consumers throughout the world.

1985
Accounting is the procedures used to measure and report in monetary terms the flow of resources through a business organization, both the resources they control and the claims against those resources.

1986
It is no secret that it costs a lot of money to produce and harvest a crop of potatoes. Unless the crop is sold out-of-the field, costs continue to mount after harvest. These after-harvest storage costs can mean the difference between a money-making year and a money-losing year.
Federal conservation programs provide technical and financial assistance to farmers who install eligible soil and water conservation practices.
This paper compares the net public benefits and public cost per ton of erosion reduction and the economic efficiency of fixed and variable cost sharing to an alternative method which maximizes net public benefits.
Beef cattle price fluctuations were incorporated in analyzing rancher impacts of reduced BLM grazing allotments. Ranch budgets in five I rlaho resource planning areas showed diverse effects from varying permit levels, depending on beef price and role of BLM forage. Results reveal complications of uniform national policy for administering BLM grazing.
Achieving the optimum level of production (or the maximum economic yield) has always been an important, if unrecognized, goal for farmers.

1987
The conservation compliance provision was included in the Food Security Act of 1985 to encourage farmers to control soil erosion in the united states.
Recent success in the production of cultured Atlantic salmon in Norway has stimulated worldwide interest in salmon farming. Many Norwegian salmon farming companies have expanded their operations abroad as they face government regulations on size of operation and license requirements at home.
The recent drop in U.S. wheat exports and related price impacts illustrate the importance of international markets to domestic wheat producing and marketing firms.
The purpose of this paper is to integrate econometric and time series modelling for forecasting the price of Norwegian Atlantic salmon for the period from 1989 through 1991.
This paper examines the extent to which variability in erosion rates and crop yields affect the economic feasibility of, and farmers' willingness to adopt minimum and no tillage for a winter wheat-spring pea rotation in the Palouse region of northern Idaho.
This paper represents an initial effort to begin the assessment process by analyzing historic export patterns for U.S. durum wheat from 1970 to 1985.

1989
The terminology of marketing.

1990
In the late 1800's, Idaho's economy was devoted mostly to mining and livestock. Demand from the mines and the 'free' forage on public lands encouraged large ranches and itinerant herds of cattle and sheep' Today, agriculture in Idaho has become one of the state's largest industries.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
A probit model is used -to quantify factors influencing the probability that a farmer used futures or options for commodity marketing.
The base situation (financial and physical resources of the ranch as it is currently being operated) was developed and compared with management options in dealing with the proposed action. This paper provides a summary of the results of this analysis and uses this as a basis for estimating community economic impacts.
Discussion: Characteristics. Purposes. Limitations
This paper compares the development of input output multipliers of the 1977 RIMSII model with the multipliers of the 1982 version of IMPLAN model for the state of Idaho. The results show that differences in the output multipliers from the two models do exist.
Central place theory and input-output analysis are strong supports in the structure of regional science.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
State mandatory seed laws are one of the recommendations of a national potato industry task force on bacterial ring rot eradication.
As the world's largest producer, consumer, and buyer of wheat, world wheat trade and prices can pivot significantly on events in China.
In November of 1989, all agricultural related groups in Idaho were invited to participate in a session exploring the possibility of an Ag Policy conference in preparation for the 1990 Food and Agricultural Legislation.
All sectors of the Pacific Northwest's economy are affected by changes in the demand for US potato exports.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
A statistical analysis of the economic impact of Maine's mandatory seed potato law was conducted. Results suggest that since the law was implemented, Maine potato yields increased, total Maine potato acreage decreased, Maine seed potato acreage increased, seed potato rejections from certification were reduced, seed potato prices increased, and commercial potato prices decreased.
Full-time, half-time, part-time, spare-time --- What ever form it is, Home Based Business is contributing to rural Idaho's economy.
Solow has demonstrated that sustained growth in the output of an economy requires that capital investment keep pace with growth in population and productivity.
The availability of rural health resources has become an important national and regional concern in the past decade.
The main purposes of this paper are to improve our understanding of the Japanese beef market and to study the profitability of a proposed production/marketing strategy for expanding beef exports to Japan.
Soil erosion continues to be a major problem in the Pacific Northwest wheat region. Each year erosion losses amount to millions of tons of topsoil eroded from its croplands. In some cases where farmers use conventional farming practices as much as 12 bushels of top soil are eroded annually for each bushel of wheat produced.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in employment, income, population growth, population composition, tax base and retail sales.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
In the following pages of this paper some general information about Idaho crop agriculture is presented, including information about the various agricultural regions of the state, the commodities generally produced in these regions, and some discussion regarding the use of irrigation in each region.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
A demand model was developed for the following markets for United States potato products: chips; dehydrated-foodservice; dehydrated-retail; fresh; frozen foodservice; frozen-Japan; and frozen-retail.
A two-stage budgeting procedure was employed to analyze (1) the Japanese import demand for barley and (2) allocation of Japanese barley imports between North America (Canada and the United States) and Australia.
The problem is to determine the role of value-added information in obtaining a measure of the benefits of public investment.
Livestock production (primarily beef cattle) both competes with and complements other multiple uses of public lands.

1991
The fortunes of Idaho agriculture are effected by decisions made in Boise and Washington D.C. Decisions involving water use, grazing on public lands, the use of pesticides and fertilizers, land set asides, transportation, general economic development policy, and others can profoundly impact Idaho agriculture.
Tornquist input quantity indexes derived from USDA/SRS/FEDS survey data along with yield data are used to derive total and partial factor productivity measures across time and region for a sample of representative u.s. cotton enterprises.
Diewert's quadratic approximation lemma is suggested as a means of measuring changes in scale economies, regional competitive advantage, and productivity between stratified sets of enterprise budgets.
Just under half of the Inland Empire's Gross Product is attributable to northern Idaho and non-urban eastern Washington.
Between 1974 and 1983, intertemporal cost efficiency for u.s. field crops increased about 1.4 to 1.2% percent for corn, soybeans, and wheat and .2% per year for cotton.
Cash Price -- Subject to Substantial Fluctuations. Price Uncertainty Makes Business Decisions Difficult. Cash Forward Contracts Established to Reduce Price Uncertainty. Futures Contracts Evolved From Cash Forward Contracts. Contracts Standardized to Facilitate Use By Hedges and Speculators.
The primary objective of this paper is to analyze price effects and substitution effects of technological change in interrelated markets.
Seed wheat is a significant crop in Idaho. It is grown in all areas of the state. Seed wheat is a desirable alternative for many Idaho wheat producers because it yields consistently higher net returns than wheat for grain.
The total factor productivity index for u.s. wheat was 1.5% per year between 1974 and 1983.
Information on regional economic impacts is sought by decision makers in and out of government.
Diewert's quadratic approximation lemma is shown mathematically and graphically to be equivalent to a second order Taylor's series expansion of a quadratic unit cost function.
Do We Need to Check IMPLAN's Type III Multipliers?
The commercial trout industry is the oldest United States domestic aquaculture industry. In spite of technological advancements in genetic selection, disease treatment, harvesting and processing, market growth and development have been quite slow.
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis
Checking a community's or county's economic health involves looking at factors which have direct or indirect effects on local economic activity. Among the factors to be examined include trends in income, population, population composition, and retail sales.
In this bulletin the roles of key natural resource-based industries in Idaho's economy are evaluated. These sectors include agriculture, food processing, timber, recreation, and mining.
A probit model identifies characteristics influencing Idaho potato producer support or opposition to a state mandatory seed law.
The objectives of this paper are: (I) to evaluate the impact of research on increases in wheat yields in the Western Region, (2) to estimate the rate of return to public investment in wheat research in the Western Region, and (3) to evaluate the benefits of investment in wheat research to Western wheat producers, domestic wheat consumers, and foreign consumers of Western wheat.
The extension systems and Family Community Leadership Programs of the PNW states offered a 2 1/2 hour satellite TV program, May 17, 1991, on 'Education for Public Decisions.' Local programs attracted an estimated 350 county agents, Family Community Leadership volunteers and other leaders in local communities.
A Bayesian decision model for Dimethoate applications to control Lygus bug damage in Pacific Northwest lentils was constructed. Results showed no treatment maximized net returns for a wide range of prior damage distributions and price discounts for damage. The decision model showed potential for both grower and environmental gains.
A formal statistical test of linear versus nonlinear crop yield response to eroding topsoil depth was conducted. The significantly nonlinear estimated relationship was employed to compare the cost of erosion damage in two Idaho regions. The results have important implications for soil conservation and water quality policy.

1992
Idaho code 67-6508 (subsections a and b) states that County Planning and Zoning Commissions shall conduct 'a population analysis of past, present, and future' and 'an analysis of the economic base of the area including employment, industries, economies, jobs, and income levels.' A rationale for these code requirements is to help counties better anticipate the impact of population and economic change on both the demand for, and the county's ability to supply, public services.
Idaho's population percentages for District 1.
Tax Revenues For Public Services
The difference between IASS AUM rates and the results of this study amount to about $1.60 per AUM. Why should there be this magnitude of difference in private lease rates with both samples drawn and administered by IASS?
Central place theory (CPT) and regional input-output (I-0) have long served as important though mainly independent branches of regional science. CPT and regional I-0 address different facets of the· regional structure. CPT explains the spatial structure of regions, the size and location of settlements in space. Regional I-0 explains the structure of regional inter industry trade. CPT has advanced in a primarily formal literature. In contrast, regional I-0 is a highly applied technology, with many of its more prominent advances resulting from empirical exercises.
State of Idaho Percentage of Population
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis, Publications, and Graduate Theses
Paper presented at the National Irrigation-Induced Erosion and Water Quality Conference, Boise, ID, September 1, 1992.
Tax Revenues For Public Services
The p4 is . .. series of publications was written to help citizens gain a basic understanding of taxation so they can evaluate various tax alternatives.
Idaho's population percentages for District 3.
Creating opportunities which provide jobs and income is a very difficult process. It is even less systematic and predictable in rural areas.
The public expects increased services provided by counties along with the lowest possible tax burden. County governments need accurate and complete information to improve local public finance decision making. To improve local fiscal policy talking Tom Johnson and his graduate students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute developed a micro computer based fiscal impact model. The model provides decision makers a method to simulate the impacts of various demographic, fiscal, and economic changes in the community. Researchers at the University of Idaho's Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology are adapting the Virginia model for Idaho counties.
These commodity prices are presented as a guideline to assist farmers, ranchers, lenders and others interested in agriculture. Use these as a planning tool. Local circumstances may alter the actual prices in your area.
Presented as a Selected Paper for the Fourth Annual meeting of WRCC-72, Agribusiness Research Emphasizing Competitiveness, Las Vegas, NV, June 15-16, 1992.
This bulletin describes personal income and taxation for Idaho citizens and compares them with our neighboring states.
This report explains how the Teton County General Hospital fits into the local economic landscape.
The concern for protecting our environment caused federal legislators to adopt six federal acts which have governed solid and toxic waste disposal since 19651. Rural government officials are operating with limited resources; consequently, as rural leaders evaluate and analyze solid waste systems, they will benefit from a knowledge of all alternatives.
Tax Revenues For Public Services in Blaine County, Idaho: 1991.
Local government leaders face difficult decisions concerning bow to provide sufficient quantity and quality services demanded by constituents with the lowest possible tax burden.
Tax Revenues For Public Services in Benewah County, Idaho: 1991
The object of this paper is to modify the general SDP technique-mechanics to allow for departures from national technology, i.e., to allow for local input substitution. Our focus is not on export estimation itself, but rather on how to incorporate observed exports less than SDP export-estimates into the general framework of SOP models.
The p4 ... series of publications was written to help citizens gain a basic understanding of taxation so they can evaluate various tax alternatives.
In this paper we examine the role of rural industry in Idaho's urban places with the aid of a computerized model of Idaho's economy.
In 1989-1990, Idaho's state and local government revenues totaled $3,372,524,000. Of that, the tax system raised more than $1.65 billion--47 percent of all revenue.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders and agri-businesses with information needed to develop or modify cost of production estimates.
The p4 ... series of publications was written to help citizens gain a basic understanding of taxation so they can evaluate various tax alternatives.

1993
With nearly 63% of Idaho's lands in federal ownership, most counties are directly affected by the presence of federal lands within their boundaries. Since federal lands are immune to taxation and since federal land use may create increased costs to local governments, counties are financially compensated for this federal land ownership in two major ways.
A glossary of computer technology.
In the state of Idaho, federal lands are 63% of the total area and include large acreages of federal range and forest lands. In the counties of Idaho, · the well-being of the natural resources, the economy, and the people, are closely linked. Thus, citizens of Idaho find their future well-being tied to federal decisions on the use of the natural resources: decisions that, in turn, define and influence their economic development (Shaffer, 1989:19; Seastone, 1970:396).
Irrigation is critical to the economy of Idaho and the Northwest. Without it, our agricultural base would shrivel like plants in a drought.
The overall objective of this study is to examine the impact of technological change on agricultural exports. The dynamic relationships among research, production, prices, and exports are estimated. The dynamic relationships among the variables are estimated in a vector autoregression (V AR) model using panel data for three commodities -- corn, soybeans, and wheat.
Discussion and Definitions for 1990 Census of Population & Housing
This paper presents results of a 1990 survey of western garden center and landscaping businesses. The objectives of the research were; 1) to assess the relative importance of selected product and service attributes offered by nursery stock growers and wholesalers (referred to as plant suppliers), and 2) determine whether or not the market for nursery stock can be segmented by specific buyer characteristics.
The decision to buy a computer for the farm should be viewed the same way any machinery purchase is made, will it pay its way.
The purpose of this survey was to document the incidence of Silver Scurf in Idaho's fresh market potatoes and to quantify the economic impacts.
The objectives of this study are (i) to examine the impact of both the CMR and BR on various classes of wheat with emphasis on quality improvement research, (ii) to evaluate the size and distribution of the economic benefits from research on various classes of wheat, and (iii) to analyze the impacts of research on the various classes of wheat exports.
This paper summarizes research results from recent studies and the implications from this research to State Land grazing fees.
The Idaho State Tax Commission estimated that the property tax revenue loss to county, school, city, highway, and other tax districts from the One-percent Initiative would have been $114 million for 1991. $31 million of the $114 million would have been lost from county government revenues. Supporters of the One Percent Initiative maintain that these estimates over-states the property tax reduction for 1993 because in two years, if the tax base grows faster than the local government expenditures, then property tax rates will be lower in two years time. Consequently, the one-percent maximum tax rate restriction on property will be less revenue reducing. Beyond this, the proponents of the One Percent Initiative argue, as long as the growth in the tax base is greater than the growth in expenditures, then local government can 'grow out' of any reduction in property tax revenues given enough time.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders and agribusinesses with information needed to develop or modify cost of production estimates.
This study was conducted under Cooperative Agreement ID-040-A-2-0006 with the Commissioners of Custer and Lemhi Counties, the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management-Salmon District, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Salmon National Forest
Discussion and Definitions for 1990 Census of Population & Housing
Discussion and Definitions for 1990 Census of Population & Housing
Administration of public grazing lands affects the economic viability of both livestock enterprises and the rural communities of which they are a part. Analysis of changes in permit levels and fees should integrate ranch and community impacts.
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis, Publications, and Graduate Theses
An examination of the definition and effects of development impact fees.
The overall objective of this study is to examine the impact of technological change on agricultural exports.
Discussion and Definitions for 1990 Census of Population & Housing
Idaho has more dairy cows than all but two western states California and Washington (Gray 1992). From a milk production standpoint, Idaho's milk c w population stood at 178,000 in 1991. This represented an increase of 34,000 cows from 1970, a 24 percent increase- just the opposite from what occurred nationally, with cow numbers decreasing 25 percent over the same period. However, due to significant increases in production per cow, total milk production increased by 98 percent over the same period (Idaho Agricultural Statistics 1991). Cash receipts from milk accounted for 12 percent of all cash proceeds from farm marketings in 1991 (Idaho Agricultural Statistics 1991): Milk receipts surpassed those of wheat in 1984, and milk presently ranks third in the state in terms of income received by farmers. EXP-754.
Idaho is famous for its potatoes for good reasons. The state's potato industry is an outstanding example of how natural resources, production. technology, and marketing expertise can be combined to develop a thriving industry. Forty years ago Maine was the number one potato state, and Idaho produced only 16 percent of the U.S. crop. Idaho's share has steadily increased since then (fig. 1) and continues to grow. In the 1990s Idaho is clearly the number one producer, growing nearly 30 percent of the nation's crop. EXP-756

1994
Commodity prices vary significantly, not only between years, but within the marketing year as well.
A modem economy is comprised of markets with different degree of price flexibilities.
The continued growth and specialization of U.S. farms means that increasingly higher levels of management skill are required.
This study analyzes the dynamic relationships between farm incomes and production costs in the U.S. agricultural industry by applying the cointegration technique.
Soil erosion is generally recognized as an environmental problem associated with agricultural production which varies by topography, climate, soils, and cropping practices. Measuring economic damage attributable to soil erosion is a complex task because of site variability and confounding technical progress in crop yields. Nationally, onsite erosion damage has been estimated at $1 . 3 billion as measured by crop productivity losses (A It and Putman, 1987).
This study analyzes the degree of response of three CPI subindex inflations -- freely determined, regulated, and mixed prices -- and of aggregate CPI inflation to anticipated and unanticipated monetary policies.
The theoretical part of this study demonstrates that if nominal prices adjust sluggishly, the anticipated aggregate demand policies will affect the real economic variables at the sectoral level, though they may be neutral at the aggregate level.
Wheat import demands of the former Soviet Union (FSU) greatly influenced the volume of wheat trade and prices after the Soviets entered into the world wheat market as a consistent, but variable, buyer in the seventies and eighties. Wheat imports, which typically have accounted for half of the former Soviet Union's grain imports, peaked in 1984 at approximately 25% of global wheat trade. The world food economy is confronted with a new era following the collapse of central planning and single-party communism in the former Soviet republics. Arguments that the former Soviet Republics may cease or reverse their role as a continuous deficit region have been reviewed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of the former Soviet Union's withdrawing from the world wheat market on world trade and prices and to analyze the effects of random fluctuations in FSU's wheat production on the world wheat market. While the simulated impact on average price levels is significant, price trends at the turn of the century are shown to depend on other economic parameters. The stochastic simulation suggests that the former Soviet region will play a moderately important role in the year-to-year behavior of the world wheat economy even if long-term self-sufficiency is achieved.
In November 1993, 596 of 2900 public finance surveys from individuals selected at random from the 1993 Idaho motor vehicle registration list were sent out and returned. From this survey, it was found that respondents want to reduce the share of tax revenues paid through property taxes. They prefer to increase support for infrastructure and schools and reduce corrections and social service expenditures. They trust the effectiveness of local government more than state government. They favor increased revenue sharing to local governments funded through sales taxes. They view the sales tax as the most fair of the taxes in Idaho. They are equally divided over the options of increasing the sales tax rate, extending the base to personal consumption services, and/or eliminating production equipment exemptions. The respondents revealed preference for public finance reform includes the following. First, reduce state government expenditures on corrections and social services (support 60-76%). Second, return the saved resources from these programs to local governments as additional revenue sharing funds (support 64%). Third, local government uses one portion of these funds to increase spending on public education and infrastructure (support 71-72%) . Forth, they use the other portion to reduce property taxes (support 60%). Finally, this program of restructuring is presented and explained to citizens through the media (support 78%)
If the Idaho One-percent Initiative (1994 version) had been in effect in 1993, county, school, city, highway, and other tax districts would have lost $204 million in property tax revenue according to the Idaho State Tax Commission. County government alone would have lost $68 million in property tax revenue, a third of the $204 million reduction. In 1992, supporters of the One-percent Initiative maintained that the Tax Commission estimates over-states the property tax reduction because proponents believed the tax base would grow faster than the local government expenditures. As a result, property tax rates would be lower, so the One-percent restrictions would be less revenue reducing in two years time, the earliest the initiative could take effect. Beyond this, the proponents of the One-percent Initiative argued, as long as the growth in the tax base is greater than the growth in expenditures, then local government would .. grow out .. of any reduction in property tax revenues given enough time. By opponents of the One-percent Initiative, the reverse argument was made.
The conservation compliance provisions of the 1985 Farm Bill have decreased average erosion by more than 50% in the Tom Bealle watershed of Northern Idaho, as estimated from profit-maximizing mathematical programming models and erosion predictions using Geographic Information System (GIS) data. Requiring reduced tillage in order to participate in the farm · program resulted in an average of 6. 6 tons of erosion per acre for cultivated areas in the watershed, compared to 13.5 tons without conservation compliance provisions. Interestingly, using the original mandate of requiring that farmers not exceed 'T' increased erosion to an average of 8.9 tons per acre for the watershed, as only 38% of profit-maximizing farmers would choose to participate in the farm program. Even if the maximum erosion level permitted were raised to 1.5 times 'T,' average erosion was predicted to be 8.6 tons per acre, as only 85% of farmers would participate. The use of alternative conservation systems reduced overall erosion more effectively than a strict erosion limit as farmers did not exit the farm program due to inability to reach erosion limits while maintaining profitability.
Adverse weather factors in India augment the instability in wheat supply and trade. Consequently, India's wheat trade is a classic example of stochastic supply being the dominant factor in determining trade flows. This study analyses the effects of random fluctuations in India's wheat supply on domestic and world price variability and trade flows of India and major exporters and importers by using stochastic simulation analysis. Production instability causes price variability of $71 per metric ton under autarky condition. However, price variability is mitigated once trade is allowed. Thus, trade acts as a buffer stock program in reducing price variability. The results show that production shortfalls (surpluses) in India benefit wheat exporters (importers) and hurt importers (exporters).
The test procedure uses a joint nonlinear estimation of real output and money forecasting equations. The results reveal that the M.RE hypothesis is strongly rejected. The chief conclusion of this study is that the anticipated monetary policy does matter in affecting the output in these three markets.
In Idaho, federal forest and rangelands are 63% of the total area. The issues are whether federal compensation to local governments to support public services equals the private tax revenue forgone and whether this compensation changes with a change in resource use. Using tax equivalency ratios, the results shows that Idaho's local governments in 1991 were no worse off, on average, with public lands remaining in public ownership. Federal compensation returned more on forest than on grazing land. These results are sensitive to assumptions about forest land productivity. Measures of 'use equivalency' showed that federal compensation formulas created a financial self-interest for local government officials in extractive uses of public lands to maximize federal compensation received. Federal PILTs do not offset revenue sharing losses on a 1:1 bases as resource uses change. Senate bill S. 455 that changes the PILT funding levels is one example of a policy change that would help break the current structure of incentives that favor extractive uses of public land resources in Idaho.
The title raises an interesting question that has several ramifications. First, how many farmers can afford to leave the farm program given the current unstable level of commodity prices? In the 1990 Food Security Act (FSA) all the economic benefits of the federal farm program are linked to conservation compliance. It seems more realistic to approach the topic of FSA survival by looking at the costs and benefits of participation. To do this the short-run and long-run economic impacts both on and off the farm have to be evaluated. FSA attempts to reduce the economic and environmental impacts of erosion by requiring farmers to use approved conservation practices on highly erodible lands. The way chosen to do this is to tie the farm program benefits to the use of a Soil Conservation Service approved conservation plan. The carrot used to make the pill easier to swallow is continuation of farm program benefits. The stick or penalty is the loss of all farm program benefits.
Before a new agricultural program is delivered in 1995, many agricultural conservation and environmental issues will be debated.
Public grazing land policies affect economic viability of livestock enterprises and rural communities. An LP MOTAD model measured income/risk trade-offs of production management alternatives for cattle producers using public grazing. Higher risk alternatives may offset increased grazing fees. While generating more economic activity, these changes could result in rancher/community dissension.
This survey reviewed the recommendations of four Idaho Legislative Interim Tax Committees (1984, 1986, 1988, 1994), two Governor's Blue Ribbon Tax Committees (1978, 1988), and the Governor's Tax Package of 1993. The recurring income tax reform proposal is that the State income tax structure converge with the Federal structure, including the quarterly collection of estimated income tax payments.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders and agribusinesses in Southern Idaho with information needed to develop or modify cost of production estimates.
The continued growth and specialization of U.S. farms means that increasingly higher levels of management skill are required. In addition, the relatively unstable markets of recent years, heightened government regulation of agriculture, and rapidly changing production technologies have also increased the information needs of producers (Ortman, et al.). As a result, American farmers are increasingly utilizing the services of technical consultants to improve the productivity and profitability of their operations. Consultants ·provide services to producers in many aspects of farm management, including production decisions, marketing choices, and financial planning. Consultants offer specialized knowledge that would otherwise be difficult for producers to obtain.
The study combines time series and cross-sectional data to estimate the supply response for potatoes.

1995
A survey of a limited number of potato growers in Bingham, Bonneville and Power counties was conducted during the winter and early spring of 1995. The purpose of this survey was to obtain information on the cultural practices used in the production of commercial potatoes.
The sources and uses of information by farmers have served as a vital area of social research for over fifty years
The objective of this study was to determine the impacts on frozen potato markets of US Potato Board advertising and US fast food industry investment.
This study analyzes the effects of the anticipated and unanticipated components of fiscal policy on the U. S. farm real GNP by testing the neutrality and rationality propositions of the MRE hypothesis.
The budgets presented here resulted from discussions with members of a small group of ranchers who have organized a cooperative to pursue a value-adding, niche marketing approach to their rangeland cattle enterprises.
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis, Publications, and Graduate Theses
The impacts analysis based on the policy provisions of the Uruguay Round on the world sugar market reveals that these policies will stabilize the world sugar price at slightly higher levels than in the baseline.
The public demands the highest level of county services at the lowest possible tax burden. County governments provide public services that maintain or develop thriving communities based on public demand. Decision makers require accurate and complete information to anticipate the needed quality and quantity of public services. In the early 1980's, Tom Johnson and his graduate students al. Virginia Polytechnic Institute developed a microcomputer based fiscal impact model as a tool to provide fiscal and demographic information to county governments The model simulates the impacts of demographic and economic changes on education, demographic, revenue, and expenditure variables.
Idaho respondents are divided on international trade, farm commodity program, environmental, and food safety issues. There is, however, agreement in the general direction respondents would like to see farm commodity, environmental programs, disaster assistance, international trade, food safety and food aid take.
Local public officials are responsible for providing a level of public services that 1) reflects the tastes and preferences of the electorate, 2) meet the requirements of federal and state government, and 3) complements the growth in population and the changes in the economy. These responsibilities suggest a planning perspective by local officials for public service. However, local officials more often find themselves reacting to public and private policy decisions.
A thriving agriculture is vital to Idaho's economic health.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders, agribusinesses and University of Idaho researchers and Extension personnel with information needed to develop or modify traditional or alternative cost of production estimates.
Since 1938 anadromous fish have had to navigate past the dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers. The U.S. Army Crops of Engineers has maintained fish ladders and counting facilities at these dams, and has provided an annual count of the numbers of fish by major species since 1938. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has contracted with the Washington Department of Wildlife to do fish counting. The species of fish counted and included in this study include chinook and sockeye salmon, and steelhead trout. Over the years the number of fish counted annually has varied greatly. This variation is related to a number of factors such as the cycle of spawning, river and ocean conditions, and a number of other factors which are not well understood. Among these factors is the ability of particular species to respond to changing environmental conditions. These environmental conditions include both freshwater and salt water factors . In the freshwater situation, spawning habitat, downstream and upstream fish passage, and the mainstream predation environment, and the fresh water harvest are all factors to be considered. In the salt water environment the off shore ocean fishery, El Nin'o, and predation are factors. Additionally, some mature fish return to spawn after one year (jacks), some after two years, some after 3 years, some after four years, and some after 5 years. This variability is reflected in the fish counts and appears as the peaks and valleys on the charts which follow.
Recent work indicates that the joint effects of intermediate input and final output tariff reforms on equilibrium in the differentiated final products sector are analytically ambiguous. This issue is addressed empirically for disaggregate, imperfectly competitive U.S. food manufacturing industries.
A colleague of ours recently quipped that more than two-thirds of the students in his undergraduate classes did not show up that day because of the homecoming weekend holidays. Such tales are not uncommon for professors who teach undergraduate classes.
The history of the Columbia and Snake River anadromous fish runs since the first dams were built on these rivers is of significant interest to policy makers in the Pacific Northwest. The records of the fish passage have a story of their own to tell, and this paper attempts to shed some light on what has happened since the first dam was built and made operational in 1938. The focus of this study is directed toward the eight dams built on the Columbia River and Snake rivers between 1938 and 1975. The fish run records evaluated extend from 1938 to 1994. The study is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the impact of the Columbia River dams on fish runs. The second part deals with the impact of the Snake River dams on fish runs. And, the third part deals with the overall results of dam construction on these fish runs.
Pacific Northwest grain firms were surveyed regarding a utility wheat grade. Respondents indicated less effort should be given to establishing a utility wheat grade relative to reducing unfair trade and other methods of improving service to importers. Smaller and very large operations felt they would incur significant problems with the program.
Analysis of the impacts of the policy provisions of the Uruguay Round on the European Union's Sugar Market reveals that these policies will reinforce the effects of 1992 Common Agricultural Policy reforms by weakening the link between subsidies and production. Specifically, subsidized production of quota A and B sugar will show small decline and unsubsidized production of quota C, which receives the world price, will increase. The decline in EU's sugar exports will be less than the EU's commitment of reducing subsidized exports by 340,000 MT because increase in unsubsidized exports from quota C production is expected to compensate the decline in subsidized exports.
The impacts of the former Soviet Union (FSU) leaving the world wheat market as a consistent net importer are investigated using a modified version of a spatial trade equilibrium model.
One of the agricultural issues hotly debated during the negotiation and ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was the effect of NAFTA on the U.S. sugar industry because sugar policies were one of the most sensitive and complicated agricultural policies negotiated under NAFTA. There were conflicting predictions whether NAFTA would benefit or hurt the sugar industry in the United States. For example, Sumner elaborated 'NAFTA promises positive gains' for the U.S. sugar industry because: a) access to the Mexican market will improve; b) U.S. production is more efficient than that of Mexico; and c) higher income growth in Mexico resulting from NAFTA will stimulate consumption of sugar.
The overall objective of this research effort was to conduct a preliminary analysis on the feasibility of establishing an identity-preserved utility grade designation for wheat, focusing on the PNW region.
The importance of agricultural exports to United States agriculture and our position in the international economy has been recognized at least from the 1970's. Consequently maritime shipping issues as they relate to US agricultural trade have received the attention of agricultural economists on several occasions (e.g. Jones, Qu, Casavant & Koo, 1995; Casavant & Wilson, 1991; Makus & Fuller, 1987; Jones, Casavant & Kim, 1986; Binkley, 1983; Binkley and Harrer, 1981; Sharp & McDonald, 1971 ). At the same time the international maritime community follows US and world agricultural trade trends closely since grains in particular rank along with coal, iron ore, and steel as one of the industry's most important dry bulk cargoes (Drewry).

1996
Corporate America is continually planning. Businesses plan new strategies to capture market share, they analyze the importance of planning for a budget increase or perhaps they work towards increasing their research function. No matter how you look at it, planning is an important element for management to employ. In effect, planning provides the ways and means to prepare for change.
What would happen to Idaho's public school funding if current local school money ($228 million) were returned to the school districts through the state funding formula? This is one of the questions facing the Idaho legislature from the 1996 One Percent Initiative if the state becomes responsible for all public school support. This study addresses that question.
When you want to explore the need for an educational program on a public decision important to your community or state, following the seven steps ensures program planning that will increase the likelihood of success.
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis
The A to Z Retained Ownership Company was started in 1992 as a cooperative venture by cow-calf producers, the Bruneau Cattle Company feedlot, veterinarians, packers, bankers, allied industry representatives and University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System. The primary goal of this educational program was to give cow-calf producers information on how their cattle performed through the feeding and carcass phases. This report presents the results of the fourth year of the retained ownership program.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders, agribusinesses and University of Idaho researchers and Extension personnel with information needed to develop or modify traditional or alternative cost of production estimates.
An analysis of the hay and alfalfa market in Idaho.
Regional trade agreements expand local markets by eliminating trade barriers between member states.
This report presents the results of a survey of county residents in Boundary County, Idaho. This survey is discussed in the context of recent population changes and developments in the local economy.
The following report summarizes the result of a study of the economic structure of Boundary County.
This report provides the public of Boundary County with an understanding of the total impacts from two possible events.
Agriculture is a critical part of the economic base of the State of Idaho.
The beef industry has had a history of cycles since numbers have been kept on cows.
A survey was mailed to 240 potato growers in the Magic Valley region of South Central Idaho in February 1996. A total of 25 usable surveys were returned. The purpose of the survey was to obtain cultural practice information for use in revising the Southcentral Idaho costs and returns estimates (enterprise budgets) for commercial potatoes.
A thriving agriculture is vital to Idaho's economic health. University of Idaho economists found that 35% of the state's economic activity is linked to farms, ranches and food processing. In the Magic Valley more than three-fourths of the economy is linked to agriculture. This report discusses the current agricultural situation and the outlook for 1996.

1997
Different trends in Teton County, Idaho.
From Aberdeen to Worley, there are 199 cities scattered across Idaho. Most are small cities. In fact, the smallest 189 cities have an average population of about 1300. Together, the 250,000 people in these small cities comprise about a quarter of the state's population.
Estimated farm and ranch revenue increased 7 percent in 1996 to nearly $3.4 billion (Table 1). Livestock revenue is up 3 percent, and crop revenue is up 9 percent.
The primary goal of this educational program was to give cow-calf producers information on how their cattle performed through the feeding and carcass phases. This report presents the results of the fifth year of the retained ownership program.
One of the responsibilities of governments at all levels, is to provide certain types of services to the population the government serves. Governments must obtain revenues to pay for the services they provide. These revenues come from a variety of sources including property taxation, fines and forfeitures levied on local populations, charges for permits or consolidated services, and redistribution of intergovernmental funds.
Respondent Satisfaction with Food Quality
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis
Cost and return estimates (enterprise budgets) have been commonly done to calculate per acre or per head costs of producing various commodities. Computer programs have assisted greatly in this process.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders, agribusinesses and University of Idaho researchers and Extension personnel with information needed to develop or modify traditional or alternative cost of production estimates. This publication contains operating input costs used in the production of crops in Idaho.
The social and economic information and analysis contained in the Upper Columbia River Basin Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) released in May 1997 contains two major conclusions.
The analysis presented here is a brief description of the economic base for the State of Idaho.
The analysis presented here is a brief description of the economic base for the State of Idaho and its four industries.
The execution of this research project involved the following steps: (1) distribution channel analysis, (2) taste test panels and (3) an in-depth consumer survey. 4 focus groups were conducted, 2 each in Los Angeles and Chicago. 405 consumer interviews were completed in Los Angeles, and 349 interviews were completed in Chicago.
Commodity prices vary significantly, not only between years, but within the marketing year as well. In general, prices are lowest at harvest and strengthen as the temporary imbalance of supply and demand changes.
Economic conditions in the nonagricultural economy of Idaho significantly affect economic conditions in the agricultural economy of the state.
Idaho Demographic Equation Data Sources and Formulas

1998
Data from various sources have been used over the past 3 years for research and cooperative extension work in Clark County. The results of the social survey conducted in 1995 are presented here in the form of frequencies.
This report briefly discusses the responses of Custer County residents to a telephone survey conducted during April 1998.
This report discusses the current agricultural situation, the outlook for 1998, value added agricultural industries, agricultural personal income and the future of agricultural production and processing.
This report summarizes some of the local economic and social history of Clark County, Idaho. It reports on a small part of a larger research effort.
This report: i) outlines the important players in world production and trade in peas and lentils, ii) examines the production levels of peas and lentils in the Canadian Prairies and the Palouse and some factors that influenced change, iii) describes the typical agronomic practices in each area, iv) compares the published cost and returns estimates for the two areas, v) compares the price of selected farm input costs and transportation costs, and vi) outlines some common problems and challenges for these industries.
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis
This time last year cattle markets were rebounding and seemed poised to begin the recovery phase of the cattle cycle.
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis
This report will discuss the various kinds of equipment available and their applications, benefits and costs associated with precision agriculture, and some examples of precision agriculture adopters. As this technology uses many new terms, a glossary of these terms is included at the end of this report.
The level of government program benefits was reduced in the newly passed 1996 Farm Bill. One concern about this reformed farm policy was how policy changes in the 96F AIR will affect farm profitability and environmental quality.
We examine regional total factor productivity growth in post-reform (1980-95) Chinese agriculture using nonparametric Malmquist procedures. The results indicate that average productivity growth was 2.8% annually for the country as a whole.
This study uses nonparametric Malmquist procedures to investigate the temporal and spatial nature of productivity growth and its components in Chinese agriculture over the period 1980- 1995.
This report summarizes the results of the study by describing the employment, value added, and industry output for each sector of the economy for the most current year.
A preliminary economic impact analysis of the University of Idaho has been prepared, based on FY97 data, to estimate the contribution the University makes to the Idaho economy through university expenditures, student expenditures and expenditures by university retirees in the state.
The primary goal of this educational program is to give cow calf producers information on how their cattle perform through the feeding and carcass phases. This report presents the results of the sixth year of the retained ownership program.
Commodity prices can vary significantly, not only between years, but within the marketing year as well. Prices tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand is reduced.
Performance of Idaho's economy is affected by sector linkages within the state, linkages to sectors in other states and linkages to the world economy.
The immediate goal of this study is to provide the Idaho and u.s. trout industry with information useful in developing appropriate educational and marketing strategies. The long-range goal is to economically strengthen both the Idaho and u.s. trout industry.
With the changing use of rural resources, the social and economic climates of rural counties have also changed.
Commodity prices can vary significantly, not only between years, but within the marketing year as well. Prices tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand is reduced.

1999
Governments must obtain revenues to pay for the services they provide. These revenues come from a variety of sources including property taxation, fines and forfeitures levied on local populations, charges for permits or consolidated services, and redistribution of intergovernmental funds.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders, agribusinesses and University of Idaho researchers and Extension personnel with information needed to develop or modify traditional or alternative cost of production estimates. This publication contains operating input costs used in the production of crops in Idaho.
The 1998 U.S. dry edible bean crop was the third largest of the past ten years and the second consecutive year that the crop was bigger than the previous year's.
Animal wastes contain all the essential micro and macro-elements required for plant growth. Until the end of the 19th century, agriculture was almost wholly dependent on animal wastes and legumes to maintain crop yields.
This report summarizes major findings of a study carried out on the structure of Idaho's labor market in relation to higher education.
Through input-output modeling, exogenous shocks to the Owyhee County, Idaho economy and estimated impacts to its industry output, income and employment are derived.
This report presents the results of the seventh year of the retained ownership program.
Regional models can be categorized as non structural or structural.
This report discusses farm and ranch revenue during calendar-year 1998 as well as the outlook for 1999.
Current Faculty Members and Areas of Emphasis in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
In general 1999 has been more favorable to cattlemen than last year, in spite of a 3 percent increase in total beef production for the first 9 months. Is beef demand planning a turnaround? One data point is not enough to draw any conclusions but more beef has gone through markets this year at higher prices.
A growing concern for many rural communities is the health and future of their local economy.
In reviewing the economic development documents concerning St. Maries and Benewah County, one conclusion is obvious: an extraordinary amount of time and energy was expended on development questions over the last ten years. The documents listed in Table 1 are the outcome of these efforts and subject of this review.
This report highlights results from a survey conducted to learn about Idaho's labor force in relation to higher education, and one of the major institutions of higher education in the state-- the University of Idaho.
This project was undertaken because of the continual concern about the contributions and demands on the Idaho Fiscal System.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand is reduced. Some commodities follow well-established seasonal price patterns, while others are less predictable and vary significantly from year-to-year and throughout the marketing year.
Public land ranchers are directly affected by the decisions and policies of federal and state land agencies.

2000
The primary goal of this educational program is to provide information to cow-calf producers on how their cattle perform through the feeding and carcass grading phases. This report presents the results of the eighth year of the retained ownership program.
This report will contain data on Hay Stocks on Farms for Idaho and other states, as of December 1, 1999.
This report discusses Idaho farm and ranch revenue during calendar-year 1999. Estimated 1999 farm and ranch revenue is $3.435 billion, up 3% from last year and breaking the record set in 1996. Livestock production makes up 48% of total 1999 farm-gate revenue and crop production makes up the other 52%.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders, agribusinesses, researchers and extension personnel with input price information needed to develop or modify traditional or alternative cost of production estimates. This publication contains prices for operating inputs commonly used to produce crops in Idaho.
The October estimate for 2000 dry edible bean production by USDA (Table 1) was slightly lower than in August estimate.
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) is the largest area in the U.S. in the production and processing of potatoes.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand is reduced.
Historically the United States and Idaho's economy have been driven by utilization of land for agricultural production.
Valley County experiences numerous social and economic changes that are common for rural Idaho counties. Social and economic changes are deeply connected and how communities in Valley County respond to them are determined to a great extent by the social situation.
This report discusses Idaho farm and ranch revenue during calendar-year 1999.
Beef demand has actually increased slightly in the face of higher beef supplies, calf prices are strong, feed costs are reasonable if not downright cheap, and the grass is greening up.
This survey identifies trends in the progress of the Worker Protection Program. The trends may be both at the state and national levels due to the transitory nature of agricultural labor.
Copies of many of these publications are available for distribution, or in the case of theses, an interlibrary loan. Authors highlighted in bold are faculty/students at the University of Idaho.
This study and the model constructed or developed to accomplish it are based on 1996 secondary data, and personal interviews with numerous businesses, government officials, residents and visitors to Clark County.
This study, and the model developed to accomplish it, are based on secondary data, plus personal interviews with numerous businesses, government officials, residents and visitors to Valley County.

2001
Idaho Edible Dry Bean Market Situation and Outlook for 2001-02
The outlook for US agriculture in 2001 includes (1) some recovery in farm prices, (2) favorable asset values and debt levels, and (3) lower farm incomes.
Potato, maize, rice and wheat, are the four major food crops in the world. Since potatoes produce more calories and more protein per hectare than the other three major crops it is an important commodity for fighting hunger in developing countries.
This report provides a preliminary estimate of Idaho farm and ranch cash receipts for the calendar-year 2000.
Development and suburban sprawl, when interspersed with farming, can cause farm operations to be sufficiently inefficient to be noncompetitive. This paper includes a brief discussion of selected tools that have been used in the U.S. in efforts to protect farmlands from these intrusions.
Synthetic chemicals are the principle method being used to control weeds, insects, and soil born diseases on agricultural crops.
The objectives of this study were to ascertain the functions of the SAES, determine the proportion of resources allocated to each function by geographic location and political districts, and evaluate the impacts of investment in each function by location and by districts.
An entrepreneur is a person who sees opportunity, sizes up its value and finds the resources to make the most of it. Entrepreneurs are innovators. Entrepreneurs are usually thought of as people who start businesses.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders, agribusinesses, researchers and extension personnel with input price information needed to develop or modify traditional or alternative cost of production estimates. This publication contains prices for operating inputs commonly used to produce crops in Idaho.
My discussion here will focus on a brief review of the past market year, the price outlook for the remainder of the 2000-0 I market year and production and price projections based on scenarios using acreages from the March 30, 200 I Prospective Plantings report from USDA.
Historically the United States' and Idaho's economies have been driven by utilization of land for agricultural production.
The county is in central southern Idaho and includes the part of the Frank Church River of No Return and Boulder White Cloud Wildernesses. In addition, part of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area is located in the South western part of the county. Geographically, the county seat, Challis, is 145 west miles from Idaho Falls, ID., 187 miles northeast from Boise, ID. and central valley where the county seat is located. Most of the area outside the valley bottoms are public lands under control of federal (Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management) and state (Idaho Department of Lands) agencies.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand is reduced. Some commodities follow well-established seasonal price patterns, while others are less predictable, more volatile and vary significantly from year-to-year as well as throughout the marketing year.
This pamphlet is an attempt to pull together some resources which will be helpfully to extension faculty concerned about community and economic development conditions. It provides potential aids, bulletin sources and web site which can in understanding social and economic conditions.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand is reduced.
The cattle market just seems to get better every time you look at it. Prices have recovered well from summer lows, demand seems to be improving, and feedlot placements have been lower this fall which will lead to tighter supplies down the road this spring.
The Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 provides the direction for federal programs and policy on a comprehensive set of agricultural, food, and public policy issues through September of 2002.

2002
The objective of this paper is to follow-up on the research done by Vasquez, et al. by quantifying the development value increments implied by the 1M's greater than 20 that they calculated, and determining whether these development value increments can be explained by development related independent variables.
This is a study of the Canyon County economy, with a focus on agriculture and high technology manufacturing.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand is reduced.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices for many agricultural commodities tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand changes.
This report provides a preliminary estimate of Idaho farm and ranch cash receipts for the calendar-year 2001.
Policy makers have had some success using conventional tools to protect relatively small areas of special lands (environmentally special, historically special). However, such conventional tools have not been particularly successful for protecting large contiguous areas of farmland from development. So innovative ideas and tools are needed if areas of local agricultural land, and the local agricultural economies they support, are to be maintained in regions under pressure from suburban sprawl.
This study focused on evaluating the effects of different attributes that impact irrigated farmland values in South-central Idaho. Results indicate that study area farmland values are largely determined by agricultural productivity (profitability) related factors.
The objective of this paper is to quantify the effect of development pressure on farmland values in a South-central Idaho study area.
Gateway community counties are those places that front on major expanses of public land, which is predominantly used by recreators.
Fed cattle prices have continued to slide this fall. PNW cattle prices have declined since June, with the November average of $63.62/cwt. 9 percent under a year ago and down 5 percent from the previous five-year average. Lower prices and uncertainty in the fed cattle market have pulled at feeder and calf prices also.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the simultaneous effect of these variables on the optimal quantity of manure that satisfies the nutrient requirements for crops in different rotation systems at least cost and to estimate the maximum distance manure can be transferred from its source to the receiving field to equate it hauling and application cost to the cost of using synthetic fertilizers.
Globally, there is growing interest in GM food production and consumption. While the technology exists to produce many types of GM foods, mass production and consumption ultimately depend on consumer acceptance.
The objective of this paper is to present a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effect that the new tariffs on Canadian lumber imports have had on the North American economies.
In October of 2001 a cheese plant located in Salmon, Idaho was closed. The five dairy farms currently producing milk in the area are now paying $1 per cwt. to haul their milk to a processing plant in Rexburg, Idaho (157 miles away). This seems to be a fair and competitive hauling charge, but may make dairy farming unprofitable for most of the producers.
After sagging in the last quarter of 2001 , fed cattle prices attempted to regain some of the lost ground in January and February. Into early March this was happening but by mid April prices had dropped $6-$10 per cwt. and markets had turned pessimistic. Fed prices for the first quarter this year are averaged 10 to 12 percent under the same period a year ago.
Sugar beets have been grown in Idaho since 1903. It is an important cash crop in all irrigated areas of the Snake River Valley.

2003
Much of the economic base of the community of Lava Hot Springs is associated with tourism. This tourism is tied to year-round spa activities based on local geothermal resources.
The old marketing adage that 'the cure for high prices is high prices and the cure for low prices is low prices' certainly proved itself this past year in the dry bean markets.
There seems to be a growing demand for 'natural' food products in Idaho, and elsewhere in the nation. Farmers markets and special 'natural' and organic food stores are prospering. Chain supermarkets are handling more and more 'natural' and organic items, and in some cases are opening special 'natural' and organic areas in their stores.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the likely consequence of the IRS's policy and to evaluate the likely economic impacts of the tax on bulk beds.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Crop prices tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand is reduced. Livestock prices follow similar trends that are tied to management and marketing decisions (eg. weaning calves and selling them in the fall, culling decisions before winter feeding and others) that result in supply and demand imbalances.
In August 2002, the University of Idaho began social assessments of Owyhee County and the four southwestern Idaho counties to gather information to be used in the preparation of a Bruneau Resource Area Draft Resource Management Plan (BRMP) and a management plan for the Snake River Birds of Prey (BOP) National Conservation Area.
A socio-economic study of Owyhee County was completed in 1998-1999 (Rimbey, et al. 1999; Harp and Rimbey 1999; Darden, et al. 1999), and information derived in that analysis was used in the Owyhee Resource Area Draft Resource Management Plan (ORMP). The county level economic impact analysis of the earlier study answered many questions about the economic structure of Owyhee County and potential economic impacts resulting from changing public land forage allocations.
This report provides an estimate of Idaho farm and ranch cash receipts for calendar year 2002.
University of Idaho Cooperative Extension personnel (including the authors of this paper) offer an extension course called Agricultural Entrepreneurship. The text for the course is 'Tilling the Soil of Opportunity - NXLEVEL TM Guide for Agricultural Entrepreneurs 1.' The course is coordinated through the Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs) in Idaho.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices for many agricultural commodities tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand changes. Some commodities follow well-established seasonal price patterns, while others are less predictable, more volatile and vary significantly from year-to-year as well as throughout the marketing year.
The A to Z Retained Ownership, Inc. program was started in 1992 as a cooperative venture by cow-calf producers, the Bruneau Cattle Company feedlot, veterinarians, packers, bankers, allied industry representatives and the University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System. The primary goal of this educational program is to provide information to cow calf producers on how their cattle perform through the feeding and carcass grading phases. This report presents the results of the eleventh year of the retained ownership program.
The objective of this publication is to provide producers, lenders, agribusinesses, researchers and extension personnel with input price information needed to develop or modify traditional or alternative cost of production estimates.

2004
This publication provides price information for operating inputs commonly used to produce crops in Idaho.
Industry targeting is an important tool in this set of tools for community economic development. Industry targeting is an effective way to focus local team efforts to make them more efficient relative to community resources.
The U.S. Department of Energy through The Idaho State Department of Water Resources - Energy Division; Economic Development Administration U.S. Department of Commerce; and The University of Idaho
For this analysis, input-output based total impacts (aggregations of direct, indirect and induced impacts) of potential wind energy production projects were estimated in terms of value of local output, local employment or number of local jobs, and value of wages and proprietor earnings associated with local jobs.
This paper presents results of a feasibility analysis of a proposed aquaculture operation that will produce primarily Australian Redclaw Crayfish and utilize geothermal water as an energy resource. The report also includes a discussion of key factors that are crucial in a successful entrepreneurial endeavor.
The primary goal of this educational program is to provide information to cow calf producers on how their cattle perform through the feeding and carcass grading phases. This report presents the results of the twelfth year of the retained ownership program.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices for many agricultural commodities tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand changes.
The overall goal of this project is to provide the Idaho potato industry with annual estimates of potato production costs in Idaho by region.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within a marketing year as well as between years.
Prior to the early 1990's dairy cow numbers in Idaho had been declining or stable. The high point had been reached in 1944 at 277,000 head and then declined until 1978 to only 139,000 head. Dairy policy helped raise that number to 175,000 in time for the dairy reduction program in 1983 and a rebound to 174,000 head for the dairy termination program in 1986.
This study was conducted to estimate the economic impacts of the sugar beet industry on the Idaho economy.

2005
A Censor Corrected Almost Ideal Demand System (CCAIDS) is used to study the price quantity relationships between white milk, carbonated soft drinks, bottled water, and fruit juice for various container sizes of each.
This study applied the Nerlovian quantity-dependent hedonic model to the estimation of hedonic prices of fluid milk by quart, half-gallon and gallon container sizes. The characteristics for all three-container size models were fat content, container type, and brand designation.
This publication provides price information for operating inputs commonly used to produce crops in Idaho.
This paper reports results of regression analysis of farmland values in the Boise metro area (Ada and Canyon Counties).
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years.
This report presents estimates of the economic impacts of a proposed 100 megawatt geothermal electricity generation facility at Willow Springs, Idaho.

2006
The A to Z Retained Ownership, Inc. program was started in 1992 as a cooperative venture by cow-calf producers, the Bruneau Cattle Company feedlot, veterinarians, packers, bankers, allied industry representatives and the University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System.
The following budgeting procedure will provide hay growers with a useful framework for estimating their machinery costs in the absence of detailed records. The analysis makes use of standard engineering equations developed by agricultural engineers.
Federal Milk Marketing Orders (FMMO) were established in the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1937. They were designed to reduce/eliminate the effects of milk pricing wars generated by processors who essentially had monopsony power when buying milk from producers as a result of seasonal production.
This publication provides price information for operating inputs commonly used in Idaho crop production.
Commodity prices can vary significantly within the marketing year as well as between years. Prices for many agricultural commodities tend to be lowest at harvest and strengthen throughout the -year as the temporary imbalance between supply and demand changes.
The Ethiopian potato industry is an important part of the country's agricultural economy. In the highland areas I saw numerous potato fields. I also observed large amounts of potatoes being sold in village markets, urban markets, wholesale markets, retail markets and in restaurants.